Baghdad the capital of Iraq , with population of more than 8 million and area of 673 km is one of the largest cities in the Arab world. It is located on a vast plain bisected by the Tigris river. Baghdad is located near the ruins of the ancient Akkadian city of Babylon and the ancient Iranian capital of Ctesiphon. Baghdad was founded in the 8th century by Al-Mansur and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.Since then it is a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center of the Arab world. 

The land on which the city is built is almost entirely flat and low-lying.Baghdad has a hot desert climate, featuring extremely hot, prolonged, dry summers and mild to cool, slightly wet, short winters.During the summer dust storms from the deserts to the west are a normal occurrence. Winter temperatures are typical of the desert climates.Below freezing occur a couple of times per year on average.In 2008 and 2020  light snow fell across Baghdad.

More than 95 percent of the population are Sunni Shia or mixed. Rest of the population consists of  Kurds ,Assyrian and  Armenians.The most widely spoken language in Baghdad is the Arabic language. 

Al-Rusafa is the eastern side of the River Tigris, Al-Karkh  is the western half of Baghdad. These are the old quarters  and central commercial area of Baghdad, situated in the heart of the city. 14 Bridges links the Eastern and Western parts of Baghdad.

"Souk al-Shorja is Baghdad's oldest market. It was established in the late Abbasid period about A.D. 750 .It is part of the historic area that includes the Abbasid palace on the Tigris River and the Khulafa mosque on al-Jumhuriya Street. 

Mutanabbi Street is located near the old quarter of Baghdad; at Al Rasheed Street. It is the historic center of Baghdad bookselling, a long street filled with bookstores and outdoor book stalls.

The Safafeer copper market is also one of the most popular markets, which is famous for producing various copper collectables and artifacts. 

Grand Festivities square is the main square for public celebrations in Baghdad.The square is home to three important public monuments

 It includes the biggest and one of the most visited landmark in Baghdad Al-Shaheed Monument.Al-Shaheed was built as part of a broader Ba'athist government program to erect a number of public works intended to beautify Baghdad.  The other 2 monuments are the Victory Arch and the monument of the unknown soldier.

Firdos Square is an other importan square. It is named after the Persian word Firdows, which means "paradise". The 14 Ramadan Mosque and two of the best-known hotels in Baghdad, the Palestine Hotel and the Sheraton Ishtar hotel, are located on the Firdos Square.

 Al Mustansiriya School is located in the middle of Baghdad.

 Abu Hanifa Mosque is one of the most prominent Sunni mosques in northern Baghdad.

Al-Kadhimiya Mosque which contains the tombs of the seventh and ninth Shia Imams, is also located in Northern Baghdad.

Baghdad is the birthplace of the famous folklore of Arabian nights.The statues of famous characters of Arabian nights are located on important city points.

Baghdad Central Station is the main train station in Baghdad. It links the rail network to the south and the north of Iraq.

Baghdad International Airport, previously Saddam International Airport  is Iraq's largest international airport.

Samoon is a type of yeast bread that is consumed mainly in Iraq.These breads are usually served with a variety of foods such as hummus, kebab, and shawarma.

 Baghdad prides itself of making the best masgouf consisting of seasoned, grilled river fish;,and is considered the national dish of Iraq. 

Kleicha is a traditional dates filled cookie that's prepared for Eid, weddings, or birthdays.

 Football is the most popular sport and hobby .Al Shaab and Al shohada are the main Stadiums in Baghdad.

Although Baghdad is the second largest city in the Arab world after Cairo.But  religious tourism is the most popular type of tourism.

Baghdad in 3 minutes

by Zaheeruddin Babar

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PNS Ghazi and INS Rajput

Before the main topic it will be better to answer some  frequently asked question from the viewers .Why It  is important to discuss how , why and by whom PNS Ghazi was destroyed . 

Answer is simple .Both East and West Pakistan were at least thousand mile away from each other. Only reliable link between East and West PAkistan was through Sea route.In order to win a war in East Pakistan, the most important task was to ensure the complete naval blockade . But In 1965 India had seen that how PNS Ghazi made it impossible. In 1971 the same Submarine was the biggest hurdle in implementing any naval blockade.

Although my series about PNS Ghazi was complete which I had uploaded last year.But few days ago on one of my 3 videos on PNS Gazi I received  a comment  from a person who claimed that he has served in indian Navy and was crew member of INS Rajput.He claimed that he was an eywitness of the incident.He had mentioned about his videos on the related topic.In which he claimed that he has provided the complete detail.I checked out his videos. His videos seem to be the response  of my previous videos.Whatever , In this video I am going to analyse his claim.

In his video the duration of the part related to PNS Ghazi is of 17 minutes. I selected only those parts which I think were relevent to my previous videos and re-arranged them.  

 Lets start with his introduction .

"1971 Indo-Pak Bangladesh war I am Bimal Kumar Chandan Ex Indian Navy who was posted on INS Rajput during the war.In my brief description I am going to present before you the true fact about naval warfare as an eyewitness directly involved and fought in 1971 war.In modern days like 1999 Kargil war and other wars and also wing commander Abhinandon Varthaman got fumedia coverage so we were not called for any interview nor in any conversation like today. There was  restriction on the public interview by the armed forces personals so the truth remains in the dark." 

Now Lets see what are his views about PNS Ghazi .

"The PAkistan Navy deployed their high power submarine PNS Ghazi which they took for a lease for Five years from the United States in 1964. The hi-tech submarine was specially trained and had the capability to carry mines and lay the same on sea surface The main aim of  PAkistan to deploy PNS Ghazi Eastern Naval Area near Vishakhapatnam to destroy our aircraft carrier INS Vikrant. In 1965 Indo Pakistan War When i was also posted on INS Rajput same PNS Ghazi was detected by the ship submarine detector in Eastern Sector.But some how it escaped from out target as it moves very fast beig a high power submarine with modern technology.Remember if we were unable to destroy PNS Ghazi in first stage of war then the entire scenario of the war would have changed. "

what are his views about INS Rajput.

Firstly the condition of INS Rajput was not suitable  for war and cannons were not functioning well and ship had become too old  for which it was decided to be de-commissioned.In those days the ships were very old specially INS Rajput which was about to be de-commissioned, not equipped with any modern equipment like today in the year 2020.  In those days the communication systems was not of the standard,no modern equipment was installed and most of the warships very old with backward technology instead of new ships and launcher missile boats and gun boats. We have to depend upon the Telegraphic system. Knowing very well that our ship was nothing in front of PNS Ghazi still we members of INS Rajput took risk of our lives for the safety of our ship INS Vikrant.

In my previous videos I have explained why Pakistan completely rejected Indian claim and why even Indian Naval officers and war historians  were skeptic about the Indian claim. As you have heard from the crew member of INS Rajput that at the time of 1971 war the condition of the ship was so bad that it was being considered unfit for the naval combat and was going to be decommissioned.

Now  just listen about the Indian Plans to destroy PNS Ghazi .

As per our intelligence report the PNS Ghazi was seen in costal areas of Sri Lanka , Madras and Vishakhapatnam,and at the same time INS vikrant was set out to give a surprise to get ready in all respect for the preparation of the war. Commanding officer of INS Rajput was adviced by our Naval Headquarter and by the Flag Officer Commanding in Chief  Eastern naval Command to get ourselves ready in all respect to sail at any time.And we all members of the ship were advised by our Commanding Officer of INS Rajput Captain Inder Singh to get ourselves ready to fight. And our ship communication department was advised to sent continuous messages and wireless signals in bulk as INS Vikrant so that PNS Ghazi and Pakistani Intelligence department will come to know that INS Vikrant is getting preparation for sailing from Vishakhapatnam port.In this way Ins Rajput will act as INS Vikrant to mislead our enemy.

As you have heard from him  that only communication equipment on Outdated INS Rajput  was Telegraph .And we know that PNS Ghazi was equipped with modern equipments of detecting and identifying various targets.So it appears impossible that INS Rajput deceived PNS Ghazi by creating a radio nnoise equal to a whole aircraf career fleet.

There is no need to watch his details of th epic fight between PNS Ghazi and INS Rajput.But If you are interested  . .I have given the link in the description. Now it will be better to jump to the most interesting part .

Even after that epic fight  INS Rajput,was not aware of the fact that PNS Ghazi had been destroyed.

Most surprising thing for me was  .. when he mentioned .

How they came to know about the destruction of PNS Ghazi 

Now I am going to narrate how we came to know about the destruction of PNS Ghazi.Our Eastern Naval Headquarter got information from the local fishermen went for fishing. They found some unrelated and different types of materials floating on the sea.Immediately they informed to our Vishakhapatnam Headquarters.And our ship was engaged on petroling duty, along with naval divers.They saw the deadbodies of Pakistanis, divers with oxygen cylinders and with un exploaded mines exploaded, the divers went to the sea bottom and found submarine in exploding condition.Non of the submarine crew was alive. Our divers cut the name plate of the Ghazi and traced the long boats and other documents as proof.

Now Reaction after receiving the news of the destruction of PNS Ghazi from Indian Naval Headquarters .

But on receiving the message we were delighted and became so happy to know that our mission is success.

See a happy end. 

It now seems more clearer  that  Indian Navy had no capability to destroy Ghazi. And it did not destroyed Ghazi.

If we reject Indian theory then two other theories became more relevent .

1st It was an accident (Which was PAkistan's official view) Keep in mind  "WAS OFFICIAL VIEW" .

2nd It was destroyed by Soviets .

Pakistan took a long time to conclude its investigations and to release  its official statment about the destruction of Ghazi,in which they inclined  towrds some accident  but  in 1997 new undenieble evidences came to the surface , which proved Soviet active military involvement in 1971  war . .. In my next video I will discuss those evidences .After that whole 1971 war and sinking of PNS Ghazi will become easily understandable .

PNS Ghazi and INS Rajput

by Zaheer uddin Babar

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Tehran in 3 minutes | capital of Iran

Tehran is the capital of Iran. With a population of around 8.7 million. It is situated in northern parts of Iran between Karaj and Jajrud rivers at  the bottom of the slope of the Mythical Alborz Mountain range,which forms a barrier between Tehran and South Caspian. Because Tehran also has the Kavir desert in the south  therefore  weather is often cooler in the hilly north than in the flat southern part. Tehran has a cold semi-arid climate which is generally mild in spring and autumn, hot and dry in summer, and cold and wet in winter.

Modern day Tehran includes the areas of ancient city and towns of Ray, Mehran  and Tiran , these settlements dates back over 7,000 years.

The majority of the population of Tehran are Persian-speaking people,but there are large populations of other ethno-linguistic groups who speak Persian as a second language.The majority of Tehranis are Shia Muslims, other religious communities in the city include followers of  Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Baháʼí Faith.There are many religious centres scattered around the city, from old to newly built centres, including mosques, churches, synagogues, and Zoroastrian fire temples. 

Northern hilly areas of Tehran is full of natural waterfalls, streams ,Lakes, mountain passes, caves and mountain resorts.Most famous of these are Darband and Darakeh hiking trails etc.

The Azadi Tower or Shahyad Tower is a monument located on Azadi Square and is one of the landmarks of Tehran.Milad Tower is another important landmark in Tehran. 

Tehran is home to royal complexes of Golestan, Saadabad and Niavaran, which were built under the reign of the country's last two monarchies.The Iranian Imperial Crown Jewels, one of the largest jewel collections in the world, are also on display at Tehran's National Jewelry Museum.

Chitgar Lake is an artificial and recreational lake located to the north of Chitgar Park in northwestern Tehran, Iran.

Most of the international branded stores and upper-class shops are located in the northern and western parts of the city.The largest old bazaars of Tehran are the Grand Bazaar and the Bazaar of Tajrish.

The Vahdat or the Roudaki Hall  is a performing arts complex and is home to the Tehran Symphony Orchestrain.Most of the movie theatres are located downtown.Many styles of graffiti are seen in Tehran. 

Tehran has two international airports. Mehrabad Airport and Khomeini Airport which handle domestic and international flights.

Tehran has a central railway station that connects services round the clock to various cities in the country, along with a Tehran–Europe train line.

Tehran has a large network of highways and interchanges.Tehran's transport system includes conventional buses, trolleybuses, and bus rapid transit (BRT).Tehran has more than 200,000 taxis.Bdood bikes are also available.

Nan-e sangak is  the national bread of Iran.Lamb meat is most widely consumed.Characteristic Iranian flavorings such as saffron, dried lime and other sources of sour flavoring, used in various dishes. Famous dessert is falude.Popular street food is Lavashak.

Football and volleyball are the city's most popular sports.National stadium of Azadi,is the biggest stadium.

Tehran is one of Iran's leading tourism destinations,around 2 million foreign tourists visits Tehran each year.

Tehran in 3 minutes

by Zaheer uddin Babar

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Kabul in 3 minutes

 

Kabul is one of the highest capitals in the world located  between the Mighty Hindu Kush mountains along the Kabul River. The city covers an area size of 275 square kilometres , making it by far the largest in  Afghanistan. With the population of more than 4.4 million , 

Kabul has a cold semi-arid climate. Temperatures are cool compared to much of Southwest Asia, Summer has very low humidity .Autumn features warm afternoons and sharply cooler evenings. Winters are cold, with exclusive snowfalls.Spring is the wettest time of the year. Sunny conditions dominate year-round. 

 The city is said to be over 3,500 years old. it is in a strategic location along the trade routes of South and Central Asia, and a key location of the ancient Silk Road. The old part of Kabul is filled with bazaars nestled along its narrow, crooked streets. Immediately to the south of the old city are the ancient city walls and the Sher Darwaza mountain, with the Shuhadayi Salihin cemetery behind it. A bit further east is the ancient Bala Hissar fortress with the Kol-e Hasmat Khan lake behind it. The Kabul River flows through the heart of the city, dividing the central bazaars. 

Kabul is known for its gardens, bazaars, and palaces, well known examples being the Gardens of Babur and Darul_Aman_Palace. Other notable places are the Bagh-e_Bala_Palace ,Id Gah Mosque  and  Shah-Do Shamshira . 

The city has experienced rapid urbanization with an increasing population. Since the late 2000s, numerous modern housing complexes have been built. Kabul  is one of the fastest growing cities in the world.

Kabul has no train service. However a nationwide bus service is available from Kabul,  Kabul International Airport is one of the nation's main international airports and capable of housing over one hundred aircrafts.

About 68% of the city's population follow Sunni Islam while 30% are Shiites. The remaining 2% are followers of Sikhism and Hinduism.

The Dari (Persian) and Pashto languages are widely used in the region 

Naan  is the most widely consumed bread in Afghanistan and  most widely used meat is lamb. Meat is mostly consumed with Naan ,in form of various varieties of Qorma and Kebab.

Kabuli palaw is considered a festive and important dish due to the price and quality of the ingredients as well as its tradition of being Afghanistan's national cuisine. It consists of steamed rice mixed with raisins, carrots, and beef or lamb. 

Cricket is the dominant sport in Kabul with 2 of the 3 sports stadiums reserved for cricket. 

Kabul's main products include fresh and dried fruit, nuts, beverages, Afghan rugs, leather and sheep skin products, furniture, antique replicas, and domestic clothes. Each year about 20,000 foreign tourists visit Afghanistan.

Kabul in 3 minutes | capital of Afghanistan | Kabul City

by Zaheeruddin Babar

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The Absurd

Once stripped of its common romanticism, the Physical world is a foreign, strange, silent, cold and inhuman place; true knowledge is impossible and rationality and science cannot explain the world: their stories ultimately end in meaningless abstractions, in metaphors. 

 

Universe seems purposeless, meaningless, chaotic, and irrational.  Life has no intrinsic meaning or value. With respect to the universe, a single human or even the entire human species is insignificant, and without any purpose. When one considers the short span of his life absorbed into the preceding and subsequent eternity, the small space which he fills and even can see, swallowed up in the infinite immensity of spaces of which he knows nothing and which knows nothing of him.

There are moments when individuals question whether their lives have meaning, purpose, or value, and are negatively impacted by the contemplation. It may be commonly, but not necessarily, tied to depression or inevitably negative speculations on purpose in life e.g., "if one day I will be forgotten, what is the point of all of my work?"

This crisis may often be provoked by a significant event in the person's life—psychological trauma, marriage, separation, major loss, the death of a loved one, a life-threatening experience, a new love partner, psychoactive drug use, adult children leaving home, reaching a personally significant age (turning 18, turning 40, etc.), etc. Usually, it provokes the sufferer's introspection about personal mortality.

We build our life on the hope for tomorrow, yet tomorrow bring us closer to death and are the ultimate enemy; people live their lives as if they were not aware of the certainty of death.

How we come to terms with the social world. Human beings like to insist that there are reasons why things happen. The death of a child, the crash of an airplane, or a random shooting must be explained in terms of the workings of a hidden plan.  

The social world appears to us as it ought not to be and the world as it ought to be does not exist. It is a condition of tension, as a disproportion between what we want or need and how the world appears to operate." When we find out that the world does not possess the thing we want or need. But long since believed it to have, we find ourselves in a crisis.

There are no higher truths that man can discover about life. In the face of such uncertainty, there is no basis for morality or justification for acting one way as opposed to another. 'Everything is permitted,'... is not an outburst of relief or of joy, but rather a bitter acknowledgement of a fact." A person gains freedom in a very concrete sense: no longer bound by hope for a better future or eternity, without a need to pursue life's purpose or to create meaning. This explains all that the unreasonable world .

It is not the world that is absurd, nor human thought: the absurd arises when the human need to understand meets the unreasonableness of the world, The universe and the human mind do not each separately cause the Absurd, but rather, the Absurd arises by the contradictory nature of the two existing simultaneously. When the “appetite for the absolute and for unity" meets "the impossibility of reducing this world to a rational and reasonable principle."

The Absurd arises out of the fundamental disharmony between the individual's search for meaning and the meaninglessness of the universe.

by Zaheeruddin Babar

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Torment of Prometheus

When men and other living creatures had been moulded , the two Titans Epimetheus and Prometheus were called to complete the task and distribute among the newly born creatures all sorts of natural qualities. Epimetheus set to work but, being unwise, distributed all the gifts of nature among the animals, leaving men naked and unprotected, unable to defend themselves and to survive in a hostile world. Prometheus then stole the fire and gave it to mankind.

 

Then immortals and mortal humans had arranged a meeting at Mecone where the matter of division of sacrifice between immortals and men was to be settled. Prometheus slew a large ox, and divided it into two piles. In one pile he put all the meat and most of the fat, skillfully covering it with the ox's grotesque stomach, while in the other pile, he dressed up the bones artfully with shining fat. Prometheus then invited Zeus to choose; Zeus chose the pile of bones. Hesiod describes Zeus as having seen through the trick, realizing that in purposefully getting tricked he would have an excuse to vent his anger on mortal humans.

As an act of revenge, Zeus hid fire from humankind, leaving them cold and shivering at night.

Feeling sorry for man's weak and naked state, Prometheus raided the workshop of Hephaistos and Athena on Mt. Olympus and stole fire, and by hiding it in a hollow fennel-stalk, he gave the valuable gift to man which would help him in life's struggle.

Zeus was outraged by Prometheus' theft of fire and so punished Prometheus by having him taken far to the east, perhaps the Caucasus. Here Prometheus was chained to a rock (or pillar) and Zeus sent an eagle to eat his liver. Even worse, the liver re-grew every night and the eagle returned each day to perpetually torment Prometheus. 

 

Torment of Prometheus

by Zaheeruddin Babar

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Three Fates from Greek Roman and Norse Mythology

 

 In Greek Mythology , the Fates were personified as three women who spin the threads of human destiny. Their names were Clotho (Spinner), Lachesis (Allotter), and Atropos (Inflexible). Clotho spun the “thread” of human fate, Lachesis dispensed it, and Atropos cut the thread (thus determining the individual’s moment of death). All these three were collectively known as the Moirai.They have the power to control time itself and can change the fate of others,

 

 

 

Even the gods feared the Moirai or Fates, which according to Herodotus a god could not escape. The Pythian priestess at Delphi once admitted that Zeus was also subject to their power, though no recorded classical writing clarifies to what exact extent the lives of immortals were affected by the whims of the Fates. In antiquity we can see a feeling towards a notion of an order to which even the gods have to conform.
In ancient Roman religion and myth, the Parcae were the female personifications of destiny who directed the lives (and deaths) of humans and gods. The Parcae controlled the metaphorical thread of life of every mortal and immortal from birth to death. Even the gods feared them, and by some sources Jupiter was also subject to their power.[1]
The names of the three Parcae are:
Nona (Greek equivalent Clotho), who spun the thread of life from her distaff onto her spindle;
Decima (Greek Lachesis), who measured the thread of life with her rod;
Morta (Greek Atropos), who cut the thread of life and chose the manner of a person's death.

In Norse mythology The Norns  are female beings who rule the destiny of gods and men.
Their names are   . .Urðr ,Verðandi and Skuld, the three Norns, They come out from a hall standing at the Well of Fate. They draw water from the well and take sand that lies around it, which they pour over the Yggdrasill tree so that its branches will not rot.
They spin threads of life, cut marks in the pole figures and measure people's destinies, which shows the fate of all human beings and gods. Norns are always present when a child is born and decide its fate.
These three Norns also represent the past (Urðr), future (Skuld) and present (Verðandi)
These three Norns are described as powerful maiden giantesses (Jotuns) whose arrival from Jötunheimr ended the golden age of the gods.
Fate or Destiny is a power or agency that predetermines and orders the course of events. Fate defines events as ordered or "inevitable" and unavoidable. This is a concept based on the belief that there is a fixed natural order to the universe.

Three Fates from Greek Roman and Norse Mythology

by Zaheeruddin Babar

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Haile Selassie I the Emperor of Ethiopia | Children of Great Leaders Epi...

 

 

     Haile Selassie was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He came into power with the support of courtiers and nobility that were facing an accountability situation in the hands of the then crown prince Lij Iyasu. 

    In this way Selassie  came up with a formula ,to Rule over a Feudal Empire. Just by keeping  the nobility  and courtiers happy. Selassie attempted to modernize the country through a series of political reforms, including the introduction of Ethiopia's first written constitution . The constitution kept power in the hands of the nobility.  It also limited the succession to the throne to the descendants of Haile Selassie. 

    Unlike his predecessor Menelik II who had defeated Italians in the famous Battle of Adwa in 1896 Selassie  was defeated by Italians  in in Second Italo Ethiopian war 1937. and spent the period of Italian occupation in exile in England. He returned to lead Ethiopia in 1941 after the British Empire defeated the Italian occupiers in the East African campaign. 

    He hardly focused on the development of agriculture which was the backbone of his Empire. He built no water reservoirs to store water for irrigation. He constructed no roads. He couldn’t even provide clean drinking water to the major part of the population. 

    When Africa faced droughts and famines in 70s Selassie and his government tried to hide the famine crisis. But when situation became out of control then they admitted  the empire is facing a worst human catastrophe. Thousands of people were dying because of hunger and drought. International community tried to help Ethiopian people but they surprised to know that they couldn’t reach the people because there were no roads. Helicopters were not sufficient in number to provide food to starving people. People of Ethiopia in those desperate times  and  mostly because of the threat of being starved to death tried to built roads with their hands. Hundreds and thousands of Ethiopian constructed over 200 miles of roads with their bare hands. But still International aid proved insufficient and Famine engulfed millions of Ethiopian. Nobility tried to hide their failure. But because of the reaction from international community the Government resigned. Oil crisis worsen the situation and Selassie couldn’t control the inflation and couldn’t satisfy the growing demands of its nobility and army. He was overthrown in a 1974 military coup and was murdered by the junta on 27 August 1975. He was the Last King of the  Solomonic dynasty  one of the oldest  known continued dynasties in history .

Haile Selassie I the Last Emperor of Ethiopia

by Zaheeruddin Babar

 

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Second Story of the Trip to the Moon by Georges Jean Méliès

Year 1902 , . . .

a French illusionist, actor and film director, Georges-Jean Méliès made an  adventure short  film A Trip to the Moon the story of the film opens  . . . At a meeting of the Astronomy Club,its president, Professor Barbenfouillis, proposes an expedition to the Moon. After addressing some dissent, five other brave astronomers—Nostra damus,Alcofrisbas, Omega, Micromegas, and Parafaragaramus—agree to the plan.A space capsule in the shape of a bullet is built, along with a huge cannon to shoot it into space.The astronomers embark and their capsule is fired from the cannon with the help of "marines",The Man in the Moon watches the capsule as it approaches, and it hits him in the eye.Landing safely on the Moon, the astronomers get out of the capsule (without the need of space suits or breathing apparatus) and watch the Earth rise in the distance.Exhausted by their journey, they unroll their blankets and sleep.

As they sleep,a comet passes,the Big Dipper appears with human faces peering out of each star,old Saturn leans out of a window in his ringed planet,and Phoebe, goddess of the Moon, appears seated in a crescent-moon swing.Phoebe causes a snowfall that awakens the astronomers,and they seek shelter in a cavern

where they discover giant mushrooms.One astronomer opens his umbrella; it promptly takes root and turns into a giant mushroom itself.

At this point, a Selenite (an insectoid alien inhabitant of the Moon, named after one of the Greek moon goddesses, Selene) appears,but it is killed easily by an astronomer, as the creatures explode if they are hit with force.More Selenites appear and it becomes increasingly difficult for the astronomers to destroy them as they are surrounded.The Selenites capture the astronomers and take them to the palace of their king. An astronomer lifts the Selenite King off his throne and throws him to the ground, causing him to explode.The astronomers run back to their capsule while continuing to hit the pursuing Selenites, and five get inside. The sixth astronomer, Barbenfouillis himself, uses a rope to tip the capsule over a ledge on the Moon and into space.

A Selenite tries to seize the capsule at the last minute.Astronomer, capsule, and Selenite fall through space and land in an ocean on Earth,

where they are rescued by a ship and towed ashore. The final sequence depicts a celebratory parade in honour of the travellers' return,including a display of the captive Selenite and the unveiling of a commemorative statue bearing the motto "Labor omnia vincit".

Second Story of the Trip to the Moon 

by Georges Jean Méliès

compiled by Zaheeruddin Babar 

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First Story of the Trip to the Moon by Jules Verne

Compiled by Zaheer uddin Babar

In 1860s A young French writer Jules Verne wrote a novel with title of “From the Earth to the Moon”. Which was published  in 1865.This novel was part of his series of novels called “Extraordinary Voyages “.In his novel, Verne imagines a group of adventurers building a cannon so large that it can shoot a bullet-shaped capsule with three occupants to the moon. the main characters succeed not in landing on the moon, but in orbiting it. Their stories continue in the novel's sequel, Around the Moon   which was published in (1870)., that deals with what happens to the three men in their travel from the Earth to the Moon.

The story of Jules Verne opens some time after the end of the American Civil War. The Baltimore Gun Club, a society dedicated to the design of weapons of all kinds (especially cannons), comes together when Impey Barbicane, its president, calls them to support his latest idea. He's done some calculations, and believes that they could construct a cannon capable of shooting a projectile to the Moon. After receiving the support of his companions, another meeting is held to decide the place from which the projectile will be fired, the dimensions and materials of both the cannon and the projectile, and which kind of powder they are to use.

Stone's Hill in "Tampa Town", Florida is chosen as the site for the cannon's construction. The Gun Club travels there and starts the construction of the Columbiad cannon, which requires the excavation of a 900-foot-deep (270 m) and 60-foot-wide (18 m) circular hole, which is made in the nick of time.

Meanwhile, Barbicane finds the solution to the problem of surviving the incredible acceleration that the explosion would cause. Ardan suggests that Barbicane and Nicholl travel with him in the projectile, and the proposition is accepted.

In the end, the projectile is successfully launched.

Having been fired out of the giant Columbiad space gun, the Baltimore Gun Club's bullet-shaped projectile, along with its three passengers, Barbicane, Nicholl and Michael Ardan, begins the five-day trip to the Moon. A few minutes into the journey, a small, bright asteroid passes within a few hundred yards of them, but does not collide with the projectile. The asteroid had been captured by the Earth's gravity and had become a second moon.

The three travelers undergo a series of adventures and misadventures during the rest of the journey, including disposing of the body of a dog out a window, suffering intoxication by gases, and making calculations leading them, briefly, to believe that they are to fall back to Earth. During the latter part of the voyage, it becomes apparent that the gravitational force of their earlier encounter with the asteroid has caused the projectile to deviate from its course.

The projectile enters lunar orbit, rather than landing on the Moon as originally planned. Barbicane, Ardan and Nicholl begin geographical observations with opera glasses. The projectile then dips over the northern hemisphere of the Moon, into the darkness of its shadow. It is plunged into extreme cold, before emerging into the light and heat again. They then begin to approach the Moon's southern hemisphere. From the safety of their projectile, they gain spectacular views of Tycho, one of the greatest of all craters on the Moon. The three men discuss the possibility of life on the Moon, and conclude that it is barren. The projectile begins to move away from the Moon. Ardan hits upon the idea of using the rockets fixed to the bottom of the projectile (which they were originally going to use to deaden the shock of landing) to propel the projectile towards the Moon and hopefully cause it to fall onto it, thereby achieving their mission.

When the projectile reaches the point of neutral attraction, the rockets are fired, but it is too late. The projectile begins a fall onto the Earth  with the same speed at which it left the mouth of the Columbiad. All hope seems lost for Barbicane, Nicholl and Ardan. Four days later, the crew of a US Navy vessel, Susquehanna, spots a bright meteor fall from the sky into the sea. This turns out to be the returning projectile. A rescue operation is assembled.After several searches the projectile and three men inside are found to be alive and well. They are treated to lavish homecoming celebrations as the first people to leave Earth.

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Hidden Clauses of Shimla Agreement part 3 Final

(part 3) Final 

 

 

 In order to understand what really might have compelled Indira Gandhi to sign, such an imbalanced deal with Pakistan . . . . We have to look closely, the Real Position of India, at the time of agreement .
1st what could have happened with India, if Shimla meetings end in deadlock? . . . . .. . Answer is simple. Both countries were under immense International pressure to end all hostilities and to resolve their disputes peacefully through dialogue. India was trying to avoid mediation. And Shimla meeting was last opportunity for India to discuss its differences with Pakistan without the mediation of 3rd  party. If that meeting would have failed then international pressure could have been so immense that it could force India to accept Mediation. In that case the Indian objective of forcing Pakistan to resolve issues through bilateral negotiations could not have been achieved.
2nd. Until the time of Shimla meetings, not even a single Muslim country had recognized Bangladesh. Bangladesh’s fate was still uncertain and was linked with the Recognition and acceptance from Muslim nations. And Muslim countries were waiting for Pakistan’s decision.
3rd.Indian economy in 70s was very weak  . . . agriculture sector, which was backbone of India’s economy was trembling and was proving insufficient to feed a huge population. India had spent billions and billions on supporting and training terrorists and separatists to create unrest in East Pakistan, and later on war with Pakistan. Although India was succeeded in his efforts but it got nothing from it. East Pakistan did break away from Pakistan but It became another Muslim country that was going to be dependent on India for its survival for a long time.  
4th Pakistan was showing no interest in return of its prisoners. India was bound to treat those POWs according to Geneva’s convention. And they were just causing international pressure and were proving burden on already starving India.
5th After spending a lot of resources on War with Pakistan India’s economy had become so weak that It had to rely on USA and its allies for even the Wheat to feed its people. And in order to achieve this, India first had to end all hostilities with Pakistan that was at that time a major US ally in the region.
6th There was a very strong Public reaction in Pakistan after the fall of Dhaka  . . .where people were getting very emotional and were talking about revenge . . . .And at that time only available leader that could have appease the sentiments of Pakistani people was Z.A Bhutto. And sending him empty handed was obviously not a good message for the people of Pakistan. . . . .
If we consider all the above points in our mind then we may assume that Bhutto must have convinced Indira with such points and must have persuaded her to end Shimla meeting in a successful way.  
But Indira Gandhi was not a child. She might have taken all such things into consideration, and probably because of these reasons she might have decided to allow a final attempt to reach at some breakthrough. But still India needed something substantial in return of what Pakistan was demanding. And Bhutto clearly was not in a position to give anything in return . . .as Pakistan had already lost its Eastern wing.
So what really had been discussed between Indira Gandhi and Bhutto at the final moments of the Shimla meeting . .. . .. . we don’t know for sure .However ,there are  2 possible sources which can provide us some real hints.. One was the accounts of P.N Dhar Indira Gandhi’s principal secretary . . . . .and according to him  …. a ‘tacit understanding’, was reached between the two leaders at Shimla.
2nd source is Benazir Bhutto,  the daughter of Z.A Bhutto. , She accompanied her father at Shimla and Bhutto must have discussed something from that final meeting with her. Although Benazir Bhutto never leaked the information but she somehow shared some information with her husband Asif Ali Zardari.
Zardari had made a sensational claim in the Pakistani Parliament during a debate on the developments in Kashmir after the abrogation of article 370, and making Laddak a Union territory. The former Pakistani president, alleged that ex-Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi had 'negotiated' a land deal with Islamabad (involving large swathes of Pakistani land that had been lost to India) after the war between India and Pakistan in 1971.

 Hidden Clauses of Shimla Agreement 

by Zaheeruddin Babar

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