Hidden clauses of Simla or Shimla Agreement part 1

(part 1)  

In March 1972, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, president of West Pakistan, visited the Soviet Union to help normalize formal relations between the two countries. Bhutto engaged in substantive discussions with Soviet leaders in Moscow.

It helped to increase the International pressure and brought India on the table of negotiations with Pakistan in the form of Shimla Agreement.

Negotiating with a country , that has dismembered   Pakistan, was an open-challenge to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.  Before Shimla meeting, Z.A Bhutto and his colleagues did the comprehensive homework as Bhutto had realized that Arabs had still not succeeded in regaining territory lost in the 1967 war with Israel. Therefore, capturing of land does not cry out for international attention the same way as the prisoners do. In Bhutto's point of view, the POW problem was more of a humanitarian problem that could be tackled at any time, but the territorial problem was something that could be integrated in India as time elapses.

India had two primary objectives at Shimla. First, a lasting solution to the Kashmir issue by forcing Pakistan to accept Ceasefire Line in Kashmir as an International border or, failing that, an agreement that would constrain Pakistan from involving third parties in discussions about the future of Kashmir. Second, it was hoped that the Agreement would allow for a new beginning in relations with Pakistan based upon Pakistan’s acceptance of the new balance of power. India had 5000 sq miles of Pakistani territory and 93000 POWs which India was intending to use for forcing Pakistan to agree with the Indian demands.

(29 June 1972) West Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto arrives in Simla for the Indo-Pakistan Summit Conference with Mrs Indira Ghandi, Prime Minister of India.

At Simla Bhutto and Indira were cautious in handling the situation. Both were aware of the people who would question their political prudence in dealing with the problems. While Indira feared a vocal parliament and an unfriendly opposition, Bhutto had to be more careful about the situation at home. On 30th June, in the first stage of the Agreement, Bhutto demanded the control of the territory which surprised and shocked the Indian delegation. Indian Premier Gandhi was stunned and astonished at Bhutto's demand and reacted immediately by refusing Bhutto's demand.

Official level talks were held but no side was prepared to budge; various formats were discussed but without result. In the evening of the first day Mrs Gandhi hosted a dinner but none spoke on the issues. Everybody at Simla appeared depressed.

On July 1, 1972,the 2^nd day, Bhutto and Indira held a meeting with their respective delegations, presumably to find some mechanism or the basis of further talks in a bid to break the ice. At the end, it appeared that no result had been achieved. By now it had become evident that the summit was moving towards a deadlock. Bhutto sensed it immediately and spelled out his intentions clearly: “We are not going to shut it.”

July 2, presumably the last day meant for the summit, was a hectic day as members of both the teams worked hard to draft a declaration denoting the outcome: whether it was to be a deadlock or whether there would be some breakthrough. The main point was preparation of the text of the declaration.

In the evening a dinner had been hosted; as soon as it finished both the leaders set off for a stroll on the breezy lawns of Simla Governor House. It was a one-to-one meeting. After some time, the two leaders returned to the main hall and called the officials. Here too, no one was allowed to join.  

The text of the agreement had been vaguely drafted earlier and now a final touch was to be given. India’s P N Dhar and Pakistan’s Aziz Ahmad sat over the draft. A document was read out to both the leaders and, after making some changes, this was finally accepted and consequently set for signatures. Finally, the rest of the participants were called in to witness the ceremony. The accord was signed at 40 minutes past midnight on the morning of July 3, 1972, (erroneously mentioned in historical documents as July 2).

How did both the leaders agree to reach the agreement in the last moments and what brought such a sudden change in their policy which could not be resolved in three days? This was an intriguing mystery and political observers and analysts mulled over this question for quite some time.

Whatever both Leaders discussed in Private meeting, it was clear that somehow Bhutto had convinced Indira Gandhi to end all hostilities and return all the territories occupied during the conflict immediately and un conditionally. Although both leaders were under pressure to end all hostilities and reach at some kind of settlement but still India had an upper hand. So what could have force Mrs. Gandhi to fulfill the Pakistani demand which she had refused at the very beginning of the conference?   Continue . . .

Hidden clauses of Simla or Shimla Agreement
by Zaheeruddin Babar

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Why Indus Water Treaty of 1960 has become a Ticking Bomb for India?

 

Pakistan is an agricultural country and 70 percent of its population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture. The main source of irrigation in Pakistan is the Indus River System.

The Indus System of Rivers comprises three western rivers — the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab — and three eastern rivers — Sutlej, Beas and Ravi. During partition a SERIOUS injustice happened with Pakistan. Madhopur Headworks which controls the water of Ravi River and Ferozepur Headworks which controls the water of Sutlej River were allotted to India. And the sources of Jhelum and Chenab were in Kashmir which was illegally occupied by India.  In April 1948,  about eight months after the partition. The East Punjab province of India shut off water running to the West Punjab province of Pakistan from the Ferozepur Headworks. It was resumed after five weeks when Pakistan was forced to attend an Inter-Dominion conference to negotiate an agreement. That accord enabled India to release sufficient waters to the Pakistani regions of the basin in return for “Annual payments” from the government of Pakistan.

The critical nature of the Indian action caused deep apprehensions in Pakistan. Pakistan felt acutely threatened by a conflict over the main source of water for its cultivable land. Pakistan wanted to take the matter at that time to the International Court of Justice, but India refused, arguing that the conflict required a bilateral resolution.

In 1954, the World bank, after nearly two years of negotiation, offered  proposals, The proposals offered India the three eastern tributaries of the basin and Pakistan the three western tributaries. Canals and storage dams were to be constructed to divert waters from the western rivers and replace the eastern river supply lost by Pakistan. This new distribution did not account for the historical usage of the Indus basin, or the fact that West Punjab's Eastern districts could turn into desert, Pakistan felt that its share of waters should be based on pre-partition distribution. The World Bank proposals were more in line with the Indian plan and this angered the Pakistani delegation. One of the last stumbling blocks to an agreement concerned financing for the construction of canals and storage facilities This transfer was necessary to make up for the water Pakistan was giving up by ceding its rights to the eastern rivers. The World Bank initially planned for India to pay for these works, but India refused. The Bank responded with a plan for external financing a combination of funds and loans for Pakistan. In 1960 Pakistan was forced to sign the Indus Water Treaty, because Pakistan had no other option and was not ready to go to war with India to settle water dispute. This treaty triggered a series of Destruction in Pakistan.

      1^st Pakistan lost its rights over 3 Eastern rivers. And Pakistan was forced to divert waters from western rivers into the Eastern rivers. It caused serious reduction of Indus river water flow in Sindh region and  caused water shortage for irrigation. Not only this, it disturbed the balance of fresh and marine water flow in coastal regions of Sindh and intrusion of sea water.According to a research, 2.4 million acres of the Indus delta has been invaded by the sea and it is feared that if the present rate of sea erosion continues, the whole of Shah Bunder tehsil will vanish by 2035 and the sea will reach Thatta city by 2050.

There is a need to release at least 10 MAF water downstream Kotri to stop increasing sea intrusion. But Pakistan has no water.

.2^nd  New reservoirs and canals which were constructed to divert water from Western rivers into the Eastern Rivers caused Water logging and Salinity in related areas and affected thousands of acres of lands in Pakistan. It took decades to tackle this problem, by extensive planting of trees that consume large amounts of water. Such plantations helped to tackle the problem of  water logging but in later years, due to shortage of water in reservoirs ,such trees rapidly reduced the underground water level.

 3^rd India who has full control of all the three eastern rivers  Releases unlimited amount of flood water in days of flood. Such release of huge amounts of flood water, occasionally cause destruction of land crops, and loss of lives and property. 

4^th Water reservoirs built under this treaty, proved temporary arrangement.  With passage of time high amount of silt reduced the storage capacity of these reservoirs and caused serious shortage of water. Removal of silt or building other reservoirs, require a lot of money.

5^th, drawing water from western rivers into the eastern rivers also caused shortage of water in Kashmir region because these regions were not allowed to construct large water storages. It hindered the agricultural development there. And It also brought Kashmiris in confrontation with Pakistan on water shortage issue.

6^th. In order to tackle water shortage issue, in Indian occupied Kashmir, India has developed and is still developing extensive system of structures to stop and store the streams that are source of this western river system.  This has further reduced the flow of water in western rivers, and indirectly drying the Pakistani eastern rivers. 

Shortage of water, and due to this shortage , reduction of cultivatable land, reduction of agricultural produce, droughts, famines, floods, erosion, water logging, salinity, sea intrusion, destruction of infrastructure and wastage of resources to deal such issues are SERIOUSLY AFFECTING the Pakistan’s economic growth and development to such an extent that it seems more easy to go to  war with India for the control of water resources rather than continuously exhausting its resources in dealing such unending issues.

Why Indus Water Treaty of 1960 has become a Ticking Bomb for India?

by Zaheeruddin Babar

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The Moon Landing

1.       1.Technology has lost.

NaziGermany’s ambitious vengeance weapon Program developed V2 Rocket. It was the world's first long-range  guidedballistic missile. The V-2 rocket was also thefirst artificial object to travel into space by crossing the Kármánline with the vertical launch on 20 June 1944. Over 3,000 V-2s were
launched by the German Wehrmacht against Allied targets. Thousands of experts,scientists, engineers and technicians, worked day and night on this project.Production and launch of such large number of world’s most advanced Rockets, inrelatively very short period of time enabled the project related  scientists, engineers, and technicians toachieve the level of skill and expertise that is very hard to achieve undernormal circumstances.Wernher Braun a German aerospace engineer and space architect, was the leading figure in the development of rocket technology in Nazi Germany.

Following the war he was secretly brought to the United States, along withabout 1,600 other German scientists, engineers, and technicians, as part of Operation Paperclip. He worked for the United States Army on an intermediate-range ballisticmissile program, and he developed the rockets that launched the UnitedStates' first space satellite Explorer 1. In 1960, his group was assimilated into NASA, where he servedas director of the newly formed Marshall Space Flight Center and asthe chief architect of the Saturn V super heavy-lift launch vehiclethat propelled the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon. As of 2020, theSaturn V remains the tallest, heaviest, and most powerful (highest total
impulse) rocket ever brought to operational status, and holds records forthe heaviest payload launched and largest payload capacity of 140,000 kg .Todate, the Saturn V remains the only launch vehicle to carry humans beyond lowEarth orbit. A total of 15 flight-capable vehicles were built, but only 13 wereflown. An additional three vehicles were built for ground testing purposes. A total of 24 astronauts were launched tothe Moon in the four years spanning December 1968 through December 1972. As thelargest production model of the Saturn family of rockets, the Saturn V was designed under the direction of Wernhervon Braun at the Marshall Space Flight Center.

 Although Wernher von Braun was working for US but previously being the part of Nazi Army he and his team worked secretly.They kept all the technology secret. All the work was done manually with hands,and all the related blue prints were made in such a manner that no one other than  those who made blue prints couldunderstand. We can say that the real blue prints were in the brains of thosescientists and engineers who were working under Braun.Wernher von Braun and all his team members arenow passed away. There is no one who could understand and could built all those hardware again. Humans cannot land on moon again because the present space tech and expertise are still far behind and insufficient to build space hardware of such a scale that can take humans beyond even Lower Earth Orbit.

2.    
2.Lack of economic and human Resources.

During2^nd WW Germany provided all the available resources from all theoccupied lands required for the development and production of such an ambitiouslarge scale project. Not only this, Germany inducted hundreds and thousands ofwar prisoners to complete the project in given time. After War, US also dedicatedunlimited budget, resources and man power for the missile and space program. At
present, no country or group of country is in a position to provide unlimitedresources as were provided by Nazi Germany and USA for the development andproduction of such space missions.

3.    
3.Preference to Cheapest and easiest instead of
Best of the Best.

Uptill 70s, most of the scientists, engineers and technicians were seeking forthe perfectness, for the best of the best. This resulted in production of highquality components with maximum reliability and longer life span. Quality andreliability were the  KEY FEATURES thatenabled men to land on Moon. They hardly care for the cost or the extra hardwork or time. Such components were easy to maintain, easily repairable and werevery reliable. But now things are produced by keeping in mind the profit from its production. These products work only for a very short period of time, hardto repair and usually require continuous replacement or up gradations aftershort periods of time. Such components are very sensitive and are  easily damaged.    Scientists of Nazi Germany who were working for USA and USSR want to achieve Perfectness. They never compromised on quality. Even after the defeat of Nazi Germany, these scientists continued their research and tried to achieve the highest level of Perfectness. And this is how they  achieved their goals and
turned the impossible into possible.

Three reasons,
Why Human beings can never Land on Moon again.

 by Zaheer uddin Babar

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